Taking out the garbage is a crucial step in housecleaning.
Similarly, autophagy is the body’s first-line of defense against the buildup up of toxic substances, degrading old organelles and proteins to provide new substrates and building blocks. In this way, autophagy prevents the buildup of “garbage” that can result in destruction of neurons and cause neurologic diseases.
A forward genetic screen in
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) identified mutant copies, or alleles, of a gene called
cacophony associated with defects in autophagy and cellular homeostasis
. In a report that appears in
PLOS BIOLOGY, Dr. Hugo Bellen and his colleagues at Baylor College of Medicine and the
Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital and Baylor, and Dr. Chao Tong, at the Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology,
Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China, find that mutations of human homologs (genes that carry out similar functions) of
cacophony and its partner
straightjacket (Cacna1a and Cacna2d2 respectively
) cause defects in autophagy in neurons.
The human homologues of these genes are associated with severe neurologic diseases such as episodic ataxia 2, familial hemiplegic migraine, absence epilepsy, progressive ataxic and spinocerebellar ataxia 6, but the molecular mechanisms by which mutations in these genes cause these diseases are poorly understood so far.
In both flies and mice, loss of autophagy-related genes leads to progressive neurodegeneration, the researchers wrote. This study found that when
cacophony and its related gene
straitjacket are mutated, they cause similar degenerative phenotypes in the mutant neurons as autophagy mutants. Proteins hang around, literally gumming up the works and preventing neurons from doing their job.
Voltage-gated calcium channels cannot form properly when
cacophony is mutated, preventing fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane and neurotransmitter release.
“We were surprised to find that mutations in this gene also affect fusion of autophagic organelles,” said Upasana Gala, a graduate student in the
Program in Developmental Biology at Baylor in Bellen’s laboratory.
The authors show that the voltage gated calcium channels are present on the lysosomes that dispose of proteins. In this study, “we argue that when the acidified lysosome is depolarized by a sodium channel, it results in calcium efflux from lysosomes via the calcium channel encoded by the
cacophony gene,” they wrote. The calcium efflux results in higher local calcium concentration than the rest of the cell, promoting the fusion of the lysosome with endosomes.
In summary, the authors wrote, “We present a model in which calcium channels play a role in autophagy by regulating the fusion of autophagic vesicles with lysosomes and hence functions in maintaining neuronal homeostasis.”
Bellen is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and director of the Program in Developmental Biology at Baylor. Tong is an assistant professor at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China.
Others who took part in this work include: Sonal Nagarkar Jaiswal, Alberto di Ronza, Manish Jaiswal, Shinya Yamamoto, Hector Sandoval, Lita Duraine, Marco Sardiello, Roy Sillitoe, and Chao Tong, all of Baylor and the NRI at Texas Children’s Hospital and BCM, Xuejun Tian, Yongping Zhang, Weina Shang, Hengyu Fan and Chao Tong, all of Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China; Kartik Venkatachalam of the University of Texas School of Medicine at Houston and the Program in Developmental Biology at Baylor.
Funding for this work came from the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant 2012CB966600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 31271432), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant 20130101110116), the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Grant R01-NS-089664), and National Institute of General Medicine (Grant RC4-GM-096355).
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