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“I’m more excited about this class of drugs than any I can remember.” Ilene Ruhoy

The Unraveled YouTube session “GLP1 RA – A Surprise Entry”  was well named. Dr. Kaufman and Dr. Ruhoy were talking about the “new” GLP-1 RA agonists, anti-obesity drugs, that have pretty much been taking the world by storm. Not many people six months ago were talking about these drugs regarding ME/CFS, fibromyalgia, long COVID, etc. Suddenly they seem, (with some notable provisos – see below), like a real possibility.

Kaufman said he didn’t want to sound “hyperbolic” about the new drugs, but then sounded pretty hyperbolic when he described his short. but so far positive, experience with them in these diseases as “eye-opening” and “incredible”.

Several of these drugs (exenatide (Byetta and Bydureon), liraglutide (Victoza for diabetes, Saxenda for obesity) albiglutide (Tanzeum), dulaglutide (Trulicity), and lixisenatide (Lyxumia in Europe, Adlyxin in the United States) have been around for at least ten years.

It’s the more recent anti-obesity drugs, such as semaglutide (Ozempic and Rybelsus for diabetes, Wegovy for obesity) and tirzepatide (a dual GLP-1 and GIP agonist; Mounjaro for diabetes, Zepbound for obesity), that have put them in the spotlight. Tirzepatide may be the most effective as it also enhances the activity of the GIP receptorglucagon receptor, and/or amylin receptor.

The GIST

  • The Unraveled YouTube session “GLP1 RA – A Surprise Entry”  (see blog for the video) was well named. Dr. Kaufman and Dr. Ruhoy were talking about the “new” GLP-1 RA agonists, anti-obesity drugs (Ozempic, Wegovy,  Zepbound) that have pretty much been taking the world by storm. Not many people six months ago were talking about these drugs regarding ME/CFS, fibromyalgia, long COVID, etc. Suddenly they seem, (with some notable provisos – see below), like a real possibility.
  • Kaufman said he didn’t want to sound “hyperbolic” about the new drugs, but then sounded pretty hyperbolic when he described his short, but so far positive, experience with them in these diseases as “eye-opening” and “incredible”.
  • A large Veterans Administration study found the drugs helped in a remarkably wide variety of ways. Substance use and psychotic disorders, seizures, neurocognitive disorders (including Alzheimer’s disease and dementia), cardiometabolic disorders, chronic kidney disease, COPD, pneumonia, liver failure, inflammatory bowel disease, liver cancer) all significantly declined.
  • Not all the news was good – the study also found an increased risk of gastrointestinal disorders, hypotension, syncope, arthritic disorders, nephrolithiasis, interstitial nephritis, and drug-induced pancreatitis.
  • They appear to have many effects. They lower blood glucose levels, slow gastric emptying, lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, reduce liver fat content, decrease the highly inflammatory visceral fat, enhance microvascular (!) blood flows in the muscle tissue, reduce muscle-produced inflammation, microglial activation (neuroinflammation), and enhance neuroplasticity.
  • Both Ruhoy and Kaufman appear to have glommed onto these drugs via the 700-plus doctors MASTERMINDS network of health providers in communication with each other about ME/CFS, FM, MCAS, POTS, long COVID, etc.
  • While these are still early days and they haven’t tried them in many patients, both doctors said the progress they’ve seen in some patients has brought tears to their eyes.  Both doctors appear to be taking it slowly, trying these drugs in doses five to ten times lower (0.25-0.5 mg) than seen in the obesity drug trials (1.25 mg).
  • They related several stories. Two weeks after taking 0.5 mg, one patient reported she hadn’t felt that well in a decade, was eating foods she hadn’t been able to tolerate, was able to go to a restaurant again, and had even gone for a hike. Another woman who had been severely disabled and was relegated to a wheelchair had begun walking with a walker.
  • Dr. Ruhoy had several patients where the drugs didn’t seem to make much of a difference at first, but were, she said, an “astounding success” by week three or four. While neither doctor related a full recovery story, and not everyone benefits, they said, they rarely see such clear-cut results.
  • Both Kaufman and Ruhoy believe the key may lie in the drug’s ability to attach to and stabilize mast cells. Still, one case report found that the mast cell symptoms (fatigue, flushing, itching, headaches, rashes, chronic diarrhea) of a woman with “aggressive systemic mastocytosis”, who was taking just 0.5 mg Ozempic, disappeared within two weeks. She said she “felt like a new person and has never felt better.
  • Without insurance, these drugs, at the doses used to reduce obesity, run to $1,000/month out of pocket. Dr. Kaufman and Ruhoy have been reducing costs by having compounding pharmacies produce low-dose versions of them, but the FDA is no longer allowing compounding pharmacies to produce them.
  • Some patients are still getting them, though, and some compounding pharmacies are tweaking them enough (they hope) to bypass the FDA ruling. Others are beginning to offer compounded versions of an older GLP-1 drug called liraglutide that needs to be injected daily instead of weekly and causes more side effects, but it is a GLP-1 agonist.
  • Big pharma is all over this new class of drugs. At least 39 newer, better GLP-1 drugs are in trial or under development (!). Market overviews expect that by 2030, as many as seven dual and triple GLP-1 agonists could be on the market – enough, hopefully, to squeeze a long-COVID or ME/CFS trial in there.
  • Time will tell how the GLP-1 agonist saga unfolds. Still, it once again demonstrates the potential for help that repurposed drugs, many of which have never been considered for these diseases, hold.
  • Indeed, we’ve seen an explosion of potential treatments (oxaloacetate, Rapamycin, nicotine patch, metformin, methylene blue, Abilify, stellate ganglion blocks, plasmapheresis, checkpoint inhibitors, Jak-Stat inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, neuroplasticity approaches, etc.) since the advent of long COVID.
  • There is every reason to expect new treatment possibilities to continue emerging.
  • The doctors didn’t mention it, but Dr. Ruhoy’s first book, “Invisible No More: Embracing Your Road to Recovery from Long Covid and Other Complex Chronic Illnesses,” is coming out on June 17th. 

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A large Veterans Administration study, published in March 2025, which followed over 1,000,000 people, including 200,000 diabetic patients, found that GLP-1 agonists (semaglutide (Ozempic), liraglutide (Victoza), dulaglutide (Trulicity), or exenatide (Byetta)) helped in a remarkably wide variety of ways.

Substance use and psychotic disorders, seizures, neurocognitive disorders (including Alzheimer’s disease and dementia), coagulation disorders, cardiometabolic disorders (heart attack, heart failure, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, coagulopathy and clotting disorders) chronic kidney disease, COPD, pneumonia, liver failure, inflammatory bowel disease, liver cancer) all significantly declined.

These drugs mimic the action of the GLP-1 hormone, which is produced in the gut. They lower blood glucose by triggering the pancreas to release more insulin and by suppressing a hormone called glucagon. They also slow gastric emptying (producing feelings of fullness) and trigger feelings of satiation in the brain.

Their ability to lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, reduce liver fat content, and decrease the highly inflammatory visceral fat means that while these drugs are producing weight loss, they’re making a big impact on inflammation and metabolism. They also appear able to enhance microvascular (!) blood flows in the muscle tissue, reduce muscle-produced inflammation, and enhance glucose and lipid metabolism in the muscles. These drugs also appear to reduce microglial activation (neuroinflammation) and enhance neuroplasticity.

Not all the news was good – the study also found an increased risk of gastrointestinal disorders (a potential concern with these diseases), hypotension, syncope, arthritic disorders, nephrolithiasis, interstitial nephritis, and drug-induced pancreatitis. Still, the wide breadth of positive effects for some very hard-to-treat diseases and major diseases has led some to wonder if a kind of magic pill has been found.

We’ll surely learn more about the effects of these drugs as time goes on.

An Uber Mast Cell Stabilizer? The ME/CFS/FM Long-COVID, etc. Connection

Both Ruhoy and Kaufman appear to have glommed onto these drugs via the 700 doctors-plus MASTERMINDS network of health providers in communication with each other about ME/CFS, FM, MCAS, POTS, long COVID, etc.

Strange instances, as they will do, started popping up. A woman who took Ozempic to lose weight no longer experienced mast cell problems. Some people who were not overweight also found benefit. Kaufman emphasized that the results are not uniform – as always, it’s a subset that responds.

New Approach

It’s a new approach to these diseases.

Both doctors said the progress they’ve seen in some patients has brought tears to their eyes. These are early days, though. Dr. Ruhoy has been trying them out at least since February of this year, when she discussed them with Dr. Bluestein (and connected them to mitochondrial issues) in a Bendy Bodies podcast (approximately 21 minutes in).

(As an aside, at about 25 minutes into the podcast, Dr. Ruhoy said on the Bendy Bodies podcast that she was not a big fan of supplements for most people. She believes they can play a supportive role at some point, but early on, when patients are so ill, she doesn’t think they’re helpful and often a waste of money. She usually crosses most of them off her patients’ lists. That said, she does like a couple: quercetin (mast cells), luteolin (mast cells), PEA (pain and inflammation), NAC (precursor of glutathione), and magnesium.)

Both doctors appear to be taking it slowly, trying these drugs out at low doses in a few patients. How low? Five to ten times lower doses (0.25-0.5 mg) than seen in the drug trials (1.25 mg). They don’t know what they’ll see as they try higher doses.

Neither shared a full-blown recovery story. Instead, they talked about severely ill patients who’d found some relief. Kaufman talked about a doctor, who with no prior health concerns (and no risk factors that Kaufman could find) had become totally disabled by long COVID. She’d tried many things, including plasmapheresis, and was not progressing until she tried tirzepatide. The drug did not make her well, but rather quickly, she was able to get out of bed and walk around her house and use a walker instead of a wheelchair.

An extremely strong MCAS reaction in a second patient with long COVID and vaccine syndrome (plus antiphospholipid syndrome and major clot risk factors) caused her body to swell up so much that she had trouble eating. Within three injections (.5) of starting tirzepatide,  her edema was down, and she was eating many more foods now.

Two weeks after taking 0.5 mg, one patient reported that she hadn’t felt well in a decade, was able to eat foods she hadn’t been able to tolerate, could go to a restaurant again, and had even gone for a hike.

Dr. Ruhoy said that she tended to see neurological benefits within a couple of weeks. She’s had several patients where the drugs didn’t seem to make much of a difference at first, but were an “astounding success” by week three or four.

Little Specks of Dust

Dr. Kaufman, in particular, could not get over the fact that after trying seemingly everything and getting nowhere with some patients, that simply giving them “this little speck of dust injection” once a week suddenly made them better.

mast cells

The drug’s efficacy in these diseases appears to come, at least in part, from its ability to stabilize mast cells.

How could this happen he wondered. Dr. Ruhoy noted that the GLP-1 receptors are found in many places (brainstem, hippocampus, throughout the gut, mast cells, T and B lymphocytes, natural killer T cells, T-regulatory cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils, https://bariatrictimes.com/glp1-resolution-chronic-systemic-mastocytosis-symptoms/ pancreas, joints, etc.)

Both Kaufman and Ruhoy believe the key may lie in the drug’s ability to attach to and stabilize mast cells. Kaufman wondered if these particular receptors may be the key in the lock that can calm down mast cells. Additionally, the drugs may also calm the innate immune cells, which are believed to be a source of much inflammation. Their effect on the peripheral immune inflammation may be huge.

The mast cell aspect of these drugs has been little studied. Still, one case report found that the mast cell symptoms (fatigue, flushing, itching, headaches, rashes, chronic diarrhea) of an obese woman with “aggressive systemic mastocytosis”, who was taking just 0.5 mg Ozempic, disappeared within two weeks. So did a 20-year history of arm and back rashes. Likewise, her chronic fatigue – one of her main symptoms. She said she “felt like a new person and has never felt better.

Her weight had dropped by 15 lbs, but at 5’4″ and 190 lbs, she was still clearly overweight; i.e., the symptom reduction was not due to her weight loss.

While some side effects have been seen (gastrointestinal disorders, hypotension, syncope, arthritic disorders, etc.), they’re at doses far exceeding what Ruhoy and Kaufman are using, and they have not seen these side effects in their patients. (They will be increasing the doses in their patients to see how they respond.)

Thus far, the news on efficacy is good. Dr. Ruhoy said she is more excited about this class of drugs than any she can remember, and Kaufman agreed, stating that he’d even dreamt about them! Both said it’s rare for them to get such clearly positive results from a treatment in these diseases.

This is still clearly a work in progress, though. We’ve seen seemingly remarkable results that have faded (Rituximab), and caution is warranted.  A published case report is underway, though, and we can expect another report from these doctors in a couple of months.

Fibromyalgia, interestingly, is the first of the ME/CFS-like diseases to get a GLP-1 study. Fibromyalgia rats given Semaglutide exhibited reduced pain, improved motor coordination, reduced depression, systemic inflammation and inflammation in the dorsal root ganglia.

The Fly in the Ointment – Availability

Does there always have to be a fly in the ointment? Without insurance, these drugs, at the doses used to reduce obesity, run to $1,000/month out of pocket. Dr. Kaufman and Ruhoy have been reducing costs by having compounding pharmacies produce low-dose versions of them.

uncertainly

Some people are still getting compounded drugs, but availability is a question. More drugs are on their way, though.

There’s a problem, though. In 2022, citing shortages of the drugs, the FDA allowed compounding pharmacies to make them but with the shortages over, the FDA stopped allowing compounding pharmacies to make tirzepatide (Mounjaro and Zepbound) in March, and semaglutide (Ozempic and Wegovy) last week.

Ending the ability of compounding pharmacies to make these drugs is no small deal. Olympia Pharmaceuticals alone was supplying more than 70,000 people each week, many of whom would not be able to afford the drugs.

Ely Lilly, though, was blunt about anyone tinkering with its profits. “Anyone continuing to sell mass-compounded tirzepatide, including by referring to it as ‘personalized,’ ‘tailored’ or something similar, is breaking the law and putting patients at risk.” Lilly and others have started suing pharmacies that continue to make them. (Some are.)

There may be some wiggle room, though. One section of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act allows compounding if the drug is changed in a way that makes a “significant difference” for the patient compared with the commercially available drug. One could argue that the low-dose versions prepared by compounders for ME/CFS/long-COVID patients fit that bill. Southend, for instance, is reportedly tweaking its concentration to avoid being considered a copy. Clover Meds is still providing its compounded drugs to patients who suffer from too much nausea from the original drug. Some patients are still clearly able to get these drugs.

Other pharmacies are beginning to offer compounded versions of an older GLP-1 drug called liraglutide that’s injected daily instead of weekly. Liraglutide (Victoza and Saxenda) doesn’t work as well (produces less weight loss) and causes more side effects, but it is a GLP-1 agonist. Since liraglutide went off-patent last year, generics are on the way. (Semaglutide won’t go generic for another 8 years.)

New Drugs Coming

There’s no telling which drugs that are already available may be able to help.

Dr. Ruhoy was right about a new class of drugs becoming available. At least 39 newer, better GLP-1 drugs are in trial or under development (!). CagriSema (a combination of semaglutide and cagrilintide) is expected to seek regulatory approval in late 2025, and market overviews expect 1-2 new drugs entering the market every year for the next couple of years. By 2030, as many as seven dual and triple GLP-1 agonists could be on the market – enough, hopefully, to squeeze a long-COVID or ME/CFS trial in there.

Time will tell how the GLP-1 agonist saga unfolds. Still, it once again demonstrates the potential for help that repurposed drugs, many of which have never been considered for these diseases, hold

Indeed, we’ve seen an explosion of potential treatments (oxaloacetate, Rapamycin, nicotine patch, metformin, methylene blue, Abilify, stellate ganglion blocks, plasmapheresis, checkpoint inhibitors, Jak-Stat inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, neuroplasticity approaches, etc.) since the advent of long COVID.

There is every reason to expect new treatment possibilities to continue emerging.

Learn more about Drs. Kaufman and Ruhoy and their free Unraveled series.

Dr. Ruhoy’s Book!

They didn’t talk about it on the podcast, but Dr. Ruhoy’s first book, “Invisible No More: Embracing Your Road to Recovery from Long Covid and Other Complex Chronic Illnesses,” is coming out on June 17th.

The book begins with her own rather devastating case of invisibility, when, as a neurologist, her symptoms were repeatedly dismissed by her doctors. (She turned out to have brain tumors.)

As a neurologist and long-time specialist in ME/CFS/FM, EDS, and now long COVID, Dr. Ruhoy brings a unique perspective to these illnesses. Buying the book in its pre-order phase always helps. If you’re going to get this book, now is a great time to order it.

 

Please Support Health Rising and Keep the Information Flowing

GIVE A ONE-TIME DONATION


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HEALTH RISING IS NOT A 501 (c) 3 NON-PROFIT

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